Shimotsuma Nakatoshi served as a bushō during the Azuchi-Momoyama period.  He was a retainer of the Hongan Temple.

Nakatoshi was born as the lineal heir of Shimotsuma Nakataka, the head of the Shōjin family branch of the Shimotsuma clan.

At the Battle of Sekigahara, Nakatoshi supported Ishida Mitsunari of the Western Army so Nakataka removed him from the line of succession while his younger brother, Shimotsuma 仲此, became the designated successor to his father.

Nakatoshi was said to have died in battle in Ōgaki but his later whereabouts are uncertain.

His son, Shimotsuma Nakazumi, was promoted as a retainer of the Hongan Temple.